Describe the Initiatives Which Influence

E6- Describe the initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children (5 marks) There are different types of international, national and local initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. An example of an initiative is the Forest Schools. ‘A Forest School is an innovative educational approach to outdoor play and learning’ http://www. forestschools. om/what-happens-at-a-forest-school/ Forest schools can influence the provision of a challenging environment, as the teachers can take the children in small groups every week to the local woods to have a better understanding of the outdoor environment and it’s linked to the curriculum. By doing this it enables children to be able to be in a safe environment when exploring and having adventures so they can see what things they can do when they go into the woods next time.It can also help children with problems such as language problems as this allows the m to speak about the experience they are having which can then be taken to the classroom and then it could be turned into a story to help the child. When going into the woods it helps to cater the behaviour for the problem children and it also teaches children when they can and can’t mess around.It also focuses on the fundamental aspect of the Forest School innovation educational approach. The Forest School provides ways for meeting learning objectives while developing practical life skills and encouraging child-initiated learning, which is observed and assessed. Lots of young children prefer to be outside than in the classroom environment because they can find it more exciting and they might pay more attention. Word Count- 240

Were Stalin’s Purges in the 1930’s a success or a disaster?

By 1929, Joseph Stalin had become the undisputed leader of one of the largest populations in the world. He achieved this through a combination of political scheming, the mistakes of his opponents and the ingenious way in which he built up his power base. Stalin had great plans, but in order to execute them, he needed power. It seemed there was only one way to keep Russia in order – to control the people to such an extent that they would be afraid to even think of opposing him. Stalin, like Tsar Nicolas II before him, had trouble keeping this vast country in order. Soon, the terror increased, as Stalin tried to keep control and the death count rose. Was this really the way forward? By the end of the 1930s, terror and distrust reigned alongside Stalin. In 1934 the leader of the Leningrad Communist Party, Kirov, was murdered. Stalin used this as an excuse to purge his opponents and all opposition. It is now suspected that this move was pre-empted by Stalin, in order for him to be able to wipe out all resistance. Stalin was, however, never proved as the murderer, and kept the trust of his people. Soon, Stalin had appropriate reasoning to be able to purge most of the rest of the cabinet members, and arrested around 500,000 party constituents. After this, Stalin moved onto the army, concentrating on the officers. This move was not so clever, as this meant Stalin had eliminated not only threats, but possible help too. The purges were extended, and Stalin turned his attention onto university lecturers, teachers, miners, engineers, factory managers and even ordinary workers, just to stay in control. He achieved that, but little else it seems. Stalin lost all support which was not forced, and had to retrain officers and workers, to replace the ones imprisoned or dead. By 1937, an estimated 18 million people had been purged, with little reasoning as to why. The cracks began to show, as Stalin wiped out more and more people, to stay in authority of an ever-shrinking public. Although these Purges were villainous, Stalin had some reasoning behind them. His aims were more concentrated on the long term, in which all his opponents were destroyed, and Stalin had complete control. However, Stalin appeared to focus on one area of improvement at a time, as although the Purges helped him gain control, they also stopped improvement in other areas, such as becoming stronger. As Stalin had eliminated a lot of army officers, it meant that if Russia came under threat of war, the newly-trained soldiers would not be able to fight well, and could jeopardise the victory of any war. The Purges also effected Collectivisation, as Stalin purged many Kulaks, who worked on the land. This caused chaos in the countryside, as in anger the Kulaks burnt their crops and slaughtered their animals. In 1933 there was famine, as food production fell and starving peasants watched Communist officials sending food for export. A leader whose callous disregard for human life was matched only by his increasing paranoia, Stalin increased workloads for all workers However, once Collectivisation got under way, it was found to be a success. For peasants, the Purges were a triumph in some ways, as they were finally being treated fairly and equally. Collectivisation meant peasants were offered safe places to live, and had enough to eat, like all other people. Industrialisation also meant peasants were able to eat, as they were paid in food coupons, instead of real money. Though all Stalin's plans meant hard work for the Peasants, it was an easier way of life, and meant all communities lived and worked the same. Long term success' of the Purges are intertwined with the success of Collectivisation and Industrialisation, as it meant both could be achieved. For Stalin, it was also a huge help, as it meant a large proportion of the opposition were gone. This left the way clear to a supposedly brighter future, and new Russia. In conclusion, the Purges were seen as a failure as not only did the death toll reach around 18 million, just through Stalin's apparent insecurities but Russia was actually left weaker than before, with no army to lead them, and little food. As Stalin's grip on Russia became tighter, terror ruled the people.

Market Structure / Supply & Demand Essay

Monopoly – one person or company dominates provision of a particular product or service, in the absence of competitors. Consumers do not have a choice for provision of the product in question. A monopoly can ‘call the shots’ on their product (price, availability etc.) as there is no alternative on offer to consumers. Monopolists tend to produce a limited number of product which are then sold at a high price (there is no need to compete). (Control of demand) The British Government seeks to restrict the behaviour of monopolies, so preventing unfair business behaviours. Oligopoly – a small number of dominant firms or individuals compete to provide a product or service. Competition is limited and as a result, very closely related. Everything a competitor does directly affects your business. E.g. If one company drops its prices all the other businesses in the oligopoly are affected. Business decisions must always consider competitor’s influence / reaction. An oligopoly may agree to maintain artificially high prices – technically illegal but difficult to prove if nothing is in writing. Duopoly – taken literally a duopoly means 2 firms control a market. In reality is usually means that 2 firms dominate a market by having the biggest share in it. Examples of duopolistic markets include Coca Cola and Pepsi as dominant suppliers of soft drinks. There are many competitors in the field but Coke and Pepsi have such a huge share of the market that they don’t usually see them as competition or influence on their business decisions. Perfect competition – theoretical – as are all the above definitions. Multiple providers offer a wide choice to a broad spectrum of consumers. Consumers benefit from freedom of choice and businesses competing for their  custom through competitive pricing and customer service. Supply and Demand The concept of supply and demand is at the heart of a market economy. Prices, earnings, and the supply of goods is determined by the demand for it by consumers. Demand – In economic terms this is the amount of a product (or service) desired by consumers. Supply – The quantity of a product or service a producer is willing to make available to consumers and the price at which they want to sell that product. Demand Curve – a graph showing the correlation (or demand relationship) between the price of a product or service and how many consumers would desire it at different prices (if all other variables are unchanged). It is an attempt to quantify preference. I.e. how much a consumer is willing to pay for something and at what point the cost outweighs the desire. Companies may use this demand relationship as a pricing guide and to determine how much of a product to manufacture, which in turn indicates the level of resources required. The simplest interpretation which can be drawn is that as prices rise, demand drops and vice versa. As we can see from the graphic above, at point A the highest price (P1) reflects the lowest quantity demanded (Q1). Conversely, at point C the number of units in demand (Q3) is much greater when the price (P3) is considerably lower. The downward slope of the curve reflects a negative relationship between price and quantity demanded. I.e. as one factor rises, the other drops and vice-versa. Variables other than price affecting demand. Demography – the statistical make up of consumers (age range, income bracket, education, political persuasion etc.) all influence the demand for goods and services. Income – a rise in income often correlates with a rise in demand for a good. The exception to this is if a good is considered ‘inferior’ – a rise in income may result in a switch to goods considered to be of higher quality. (e.g. ‘plonk’ to fine wine) Substitutes –  Supply Curve The basic premise from the supplier’s point of view is that the higher the price a good can be sold for – the more a business will be willing to supply. References Bized.co.uk. 2014. Biz/ed – Interactive Supply and Demand 1 | Biz/ed. [online] Available at: http://www.bized.co.uk/learn/economics/markets/mechanism/interactive/part1.htm [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Heakal, R. 2014. Demand Curve. [image online] Available at: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/tutorials/site/economics/economics3.gif [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. Heakal, R. 2014. Supply Curve. [image online] Available at: http://i.investopedia.com/inv/tutorials/site/economics/economics4.gif [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. —————- BBC News. 2014. Economy tracker: Inflation. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10612209 [Accessed: 7 Apr 2014]. HM Treasury, HM Revenue & Customs. 2013. Government incentives help 1,100 companies lift off. [press release] 7 November 2013. Staff, I. 2012. Economies Of Scale Definition | Investopedia. [online] Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/economiesofscale.asp [Accessed: 8 Apr 2014]. http://www.etoro.com/blog/etoro-voice/19112013/8-things-investors-watching-google/?dl=30001303&utm_medium=Media&utm_source=46599&utm_content=6579&utm_serial=google3.aspx&utm_campaign=google3.aspx&utm_term=http://paid.outbrain.com/network/redir

Vietnam War & Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Vietnam War & Films - Essay Example Rambo, a United States’ veteran from the Vietnam War, comes back to America and finds out that â€Å"for him nothing is as it used to be before the war† (Anderegg, p. 83, 1991). On a journey on the lookout for a military friend, he notices problem with a small city sheriff. Rambo is at first harassed by the sheriff and detained on fake blames of vagrancy. He works impulsively, overcomes all the protectors and escapes. Rambo has been working in a labor camp detention center when his former commander visits him and offers the opportunity to be freed from detention, but on condition of him going into Vietnam to look for American prisoners of war. Rambo meets an American civil servant who is in command of the operation and he informs Rambo that the American community is requiring information regarding the prisoners of war and they would like a skilled commando to step in and search for them. Rambo received the notice that he should only take pictures of the prisoners of war and not to save them, nor is he to involve in any opponent armed forces. Rambo unwillingly gives consent and he is subsequently told that a representative of the American government will be present to receive him in the ruthless situations of Vietnam. America has modified its perceptions about the Vietnam War and veterans of that war. By the year 1977, no one even likes to speak regarding Vietnam. From 1977 until 1980, a ‘whole bunch’ of actually excellent films on the subject of Vietnam War was released, and all of a sudden, it was justifiable. At the moment, it is acceptable to be a Vietnam veteran. Two of the early movies that cause the alteration in opinion were ‘Missing in Action’ and ‘Rambo: First Blood Part II’. ‘Platoon’ was the earliest of five key movies concentrating on the personal account of veterans about warfare's incidents. That was a year of self-assessment as well as understanding of history. It was a straightforward public acceptance of defeat during a 20 years old combat. Platoon (1986) and Full Metal Jacket (1987) symbolize a number of of the most excellent Vietnam films and each of them criticized the war from a special point of view. The proliferation of th ese films overlapped with the administration of Ronald Reagan, a Cold Warrior determined to finish the confrontation with the USSR. Vietnam films may have been aggravated by the need to remind Americans of the pointlessness of battles like Vietnam that started as a result of hopeless apprehensions of socialist growth. Nevertheless, most Americans during the 1980s had place Vietnam behind them, concentrating on creating nationwide as well as individual prosperity. Rambo arrives at the Vietnam soldiers’ camp, and in opposition to his briefing, he locates American captives there and releases one of them from a temporary crucifixion. Subsequent to his break out, the camp's Soviets, as well as Vietnamese soldiers are sent to try to find him. Rambo gathers his weapons, and by means of guerilla fighting approaches, is able to destroy a huge number of opponent military forces. He continues to a small rival camp and annihilates it along with quite a lot of vehicles. The movies that fo llowed near the beginning of 1980s created a mythic Vietnam: the revenge movies about

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

Summary - Essay Example Hedge fund is often depend on the manager’s expertise, is largely offered as private investment, is structured as limited partnership and often presents a narrow range of investors. Compared to the traditional funds, Hedge funds; have an industry size of $2.6 trillion, it has an absolute return, it has short or long investment, has high strategic complexity, has lower correlation to the market, has leverage, higher turnover, high based on performance, has large minimum investment and a low transparency. Investors are high net worth people, institutional investors and funds of funds managers. For hedge funds, the minimum size of investment is often high and at least 1 million dollars. Investors often seek stable, attractive and non market correlated returns. Pension funds make up 15%, followed by individual funds 30%, endowment 12% percent and corporation 11% (Zimmermann, 2009). Hedge fund strategies cover aids in representing the hedge fund universe that includes event driven, long/short equity, global macro, multi-strategy, emerging markets, fixed income arbitrage, managed future. Event driven strategy helps to exploit pricing that results from corporate events that are often anticipated. Managed futures strategy is also known as commodity trading advisors and is an approach aimed at investing in futures contracts in equity, bond, current market and commodity (Zimmermann, 2009). It utilizes pattern and trend recognition models as well as means reversion. Fund of hedge funds entails investing in another hedge fund. The main aim is the fund, manager and strategy. Some of the key risks to the hedge fund strategy entail poor liquidity, high leverage, lack of regulation, operational risks and lack of transparency (Zimmermann, 2009). CPP is the proportion portfolio insurance which aids in ensuring a hundred percent of the capitals of the investors is protected. CPPI determines the composition of investment

Stroke Rehabilitation Certification Program including education and Research Paper

Stroke Rehabilitation Certification Program including education and core competencies required for all Certified Rehab Registere - Research Paper Example This stroke is caused by clotting of blood, which in turn prevents blood flow through an artery or vein to the brain. When discovered early, this kind of stroke is treated by a drug that dissolves obstructing cots in the artery. Hemorrhagic stroke is the second common type of stroke. It is less common, and is caused by rupturing of a blood vessel in the brain thereby spilling to the surrounding tissue. As a result of the spillage, brain cells in the area die due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients required for them to function. The most common stroke risk factors are high blood pressure, heart disease, carotid artery disease, cigarette smoking diabetes and excessive consumption of alcohol. Its symptoms include numbness especially on one side of the body, confusion (either talking or listening), a severe headache, and dizziness, as well as, lose of balance. This paper will examine the role rehabilitation nurses’ play in caring for stroke patients, how certification for the prog ram is awarded as well as the core competencies required. The paper will also look at the impact by CNS, aspects of spheres of influence and synergy model. Introduction Stroke rehabilitation is the process within which patients suffering from stroke are treated in order for them to be able to continue with their daily life. Its main goal is to assist patients relearn the skills that were lost when stroke affected them. But the rate at which one relearns these skills varies according to the person affected. Stroke rehabilitation includes therapy to regain communication disorders such as listening, writing and comprehension. It also involves patients undergoing excises in order for them to regain their muscle strength. Once patients gain their muscle strengths, this is usually accompanied by mobility training which usually includes patients being taught how to use walking aids. In some instances, the use of electrical stimulation is involved in order to arouse weakened muscles so as t hey can contract (Chick et al., 2004). Stroke rehabilitation should begin once a patient has discovered what he/she is suffering from. This is aimed at stabilizing the patient’s medical condition. On the other hand, the duration of stroke rehabilitation depends on the recovery of the patients as most stroke survivors require more time. In essence, a rehabilitation center is supposed to ensure that a patient in a position to do better and became independent especially through enabling the patient to tolerate the changes that have emerged on their brain and body due to the stroke. This makes them be able to adjust more to living within their home, with family or even the entire community (Lindley, 2008). Need for Stroke Rehabilitation Program Stroke rehabilitation is aimed at helping stroke survivors reach high levels of independence and try to restore their productivity (Massaro, 2006). A rehabilitation program begins immediately a person is confirmed to be suffering from stro ke. They offer the program even after a patient is released from the hospital as per the flexibility of an individual. Rehabilitation does not necessarily cure the stroke, but it helps survivors achieve greatest achievable long term outcomes. On the other hand, rehabilitation will largely depend on the damage that has been caused to the brain. Of most important is to ensure that survivors are in a position of

Employment Law--- case study on Whitakers Fine Wines Limited Essay

Employment Law--- case study on Whitakers Fine Wines Limited - Essay Example The additional workload carried out by Adam was due to the implied duties of obedience and trust and confidence on Sarah and Whitakers respectively. A contract of employment is defined by s.230 (2) Employment Rights Act 1996, is subject to general principles of law of contract and comprises of express and implied terms. The express terms are agreed between the parties involved. The agreement can be either oral or written. On the other hand, implied terms can result from either the statute, courts’ interpretation of situations and duties imposed by the common law. It should be noted that unambiguous express terms in a written contract are generally acceptable and conclusive for instance, (Gascol Conventions V Mercer). Additionally, where an employee agrees to that particular term they are bound by it. The express terms cannot be ousted by implied terms. However, there are selected scenarios a precedent dictates implied Duty of Trust and Confidence can override an express term i f exercised unreasonably. Legal matters The Health and Safety at Work At of 1974 defines the basic structure of the workplace. According to the Act, employers have the duty to ensure that the safety, health, and welfare of their workers are assured as much as reasonably practicable. About safety and health, the Act demands that the working environment of all employees should pose no health risks and should be safe to the extent practicably possible. On the other hand, section 7 of the Act stipulates that the employee should cooperate with their employer and other persons in the performance of their duty as much as possible while taking reasonable care for their safety and that of others. Furthermore, the Employment Relations Act (section 44) stipulates that a worker retain the right not to be subjected to detriment because of an employer’s action or inaction. In the case of Adam, the company acted in a manner that may have the posed risk to Adam by subjecting him to overwork that resulted in his state of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, the company failed to act appropriately by not providing an adequate solution to Adam’s problem, which he articulated well in time. One leading cause of injury at the workplace relates to negligence as exemplified in Donoghue Vs Stevenson [1932] and Caparo Vs Dickman [1990] (Feinman, 2010). In this case, negligence appears to have been on the division of the company as it failed to respond appropriately to avoid risking Adam’s life. Adam seems not to have acted in negligence, as he appears to have taken his duty seriously. Apparently, express terms of the engagement did not contain any obligation on Adam’s part to take care for the role of the sick manager, leading to a breach of his employment rights. As observed in Jarrod v. North Devon NHS Primary Care Trust 2006, passing on the responsibility of the absent employee amounts to breach of employment regulations (Personnel Today 2006, para.4). Ad ditionally, the deliberation on the liability of the employer will illustrate the breach of implied terms, where only the employee seems to comply. Whereas his acceptance to serve in the role of the sick employee was voluntary, the management acted in negligence of the agreement that previously relied on the premise that the leave would take short (Cabrillo, 2007). Signs of negligence from the director and human resources officials emerge from the facts given in the case, which can directly relate to the

HRM Innovation and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

HRM Innovation and Change - Essay Example The chapter elaborates that the traditional role of managers were confined to the well defined parameters of organization’s goals and management guidelines. Leadership, on the other hand, basically refers to people who have the capacity to bring about changes in other people. Indeed, leaders create visions and goals whereas the managers and administrators work towards achieving them. Hence, in the contemporary environment competitive business, managerial leadership has become the need of the hour. The examples of the dynamic leadership of Leahy of Tesco and O’Leary of Ryanair illustrates that to develop effectiveness in strategic change, flexible approach to managerial leadership that is more labor friendly needs to be adopted. It should also believe in developing joint goals and objectives that are mutually beneficial, thus fostering mutual beliefs and better understanding of each others value system. Project can broadly be defined as a specific time bound work with specific objectives and goals; budget; and resources. I believe that the successful completion of project therefore, requires teamwork that is defined by shared leadership. Leadership helps to promote smooth functioning of the various processes within the parameters of project goals. The cut throat business environment demands dynamic leadership who strives to create value based mission and inculcates confidence amongst the various stakeholders. Indeed, the project management helps provide the tools to achieve project goals through well planned strategy. At the same time, the managerial leadership would not only facilitate an intangible stability among the team members but also provide impetus for improved performance that result in efficient and time bound completion of the

China (Economics) Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

China (Economics) - Annotated Bibliography Example According to this article, china joining the world trade organization was a significant boost of China’s economy. According to Zheng and Tong, the global economic slowdown poses a greater risk to China’s economy. It further notes that, despite the current global financial crisis, China’s economy still recorded 7.6 percent growth. China has achieved this through its effective use of information evolution, and the increased use of the same will enhance its global trading (Zheng and Tong, 2010). According to Nolan, the investors are deeply concern with slugging of China’s economy. He notes that this deceleration is pegged on global economic crisis and its sovereign debt crisis with Europe and United States economies (Nolan, 2001). However, the Chinese government is taking corrective measures towards these economic slowdowns. Lardy notes that, other global economic players influence China’s economy; therefore, its economic stability depends on the global security. Influx into this security would be a formidable challenge to China and other economies (Lardy, 2012). From this contribution, it is clear that the companies’ movement, industrial sector, trends, government policies, and micro and macroeconomic players influence the current China’s economy. Therefore, China’s economy is the influence by state and none state entities. Steinfeld notes that, despite China’s effort of expanding and restructuring its global and domestic economy, the China’s economy has not been a threat to the western nations (Steinfeld, 2010). Nonetheless, the China’s economy is threatened by global economic crisis and its sovereign debt crisis with Europe and United States economies. Despite, the increasing economic changes, especially to faster growing economies like China; it is advisable for such economies to identify all their current and future economic challenges and difficulties thereby addressing them with concerns to other global economic

Marketing is the major factor in the success in any business. True or Essay

Marketing is the major factor in the success in any business. True or false - Essay Example This paper seeks to discuss some of the key aspects that marketing a determining factor for the success of any business. One of the major merits of marketing is to inform the potential customers about a particular product or service. A business that wants to be known by the communities and more customers must employ marketing strategies as a way of informing the customers about a new brand. Without conducting effective marketing, potential customers may not be aware of ones business leave alone the products and services being provided. Thus prospective customers can know about new or existing business by use of marketing and promotion (Hochbaum 37). Customers are communicated to through the use of advertising for example through television, magazines, internet, bill boards as well as promotional methods such as competitions and road side shows. Another importance of marketing is that once the business owner informs his or her potential customers about the products and services being provided by the business, there is a high probability of the consumers making a purchase. After the potential customers becomes aware of the products they are also in a position to make word of mouth marketing that involves telling their families and friends about the benefits of a new products that that have purchased from the business (Kotler and Philip 24). As a result, the business will experience high sales and sustainable profitability that is essential for the expansion of the company operations. It is vital to note that without use of marketing strategies it would be possible to achieve such high sales. Solid reputation leads to the success of a business. As a major responsibility, marketing assists in building the image of a business. When a business is involved in marketing strategies for example through corporate social responsibilities such

War of the Worlds Essay Example for Free

War of the Worlds Essay War of the Worlds is a book which was written by H.G Wells in 1989, the book depicts the end of mankind at the peril of Martians. The main fears at that time where highlighted in this book. H.G Wells was a man of science, when in education he received many science awards and he liked to write science fiction novels. Some of his well known novels where The Time Machine and The Invisible Man these where some of his well known books but War of the Worlds must be his most popular as it is still read over a hundred years after he wrote it. At the start of the book an object is seen flying towards earth by the narrator and his friend who are both scientists, this object was a metal cylinder which landed on Horsell common, a crowd gathers and theyre all amazed at what is lying in front of them. After a short while the cylinder starts to unscrew, this is when the crowd start to realise that there may be someone or something inside the cylinder, maybe it was men from mars thought the narrator. With the first sighting of the Martian, many people on Horsell common are mesmerised be the visitors. They appear to be like a mass bulk of wet leather. The Martians do not move around, as it is thought that they will be helpless as the force of gravity is much stronger than that on mars. But little do they know that the visitor is more powerful than them. This can be shown when the Martian fires the Heat Ray on the people around the pit. This causes disarray, with which many flee the scene. The narrator says an ungovernable terror gripped me as he witness the Martians act of devastation. A short while after the cylinder had landed one of its ends started to unscrew, when the end had fully unscrewed a brown leather like tentacles appeared. At the same time as the tentacles appearing the crowd started running in all directions. The Martians didnt move anywhere as the scientist seemed to think they wouldnt because of the difference in gravity on mars and earth, on earth the Martians would be heavier. With the Martians not moving the humans thought that they wouldnt be very powerful, but little did they know about the Martians light rays. When the Martians first use there light ray the crowd go into a frantic rush to leave the common. When the narrator see the immense power of the Martians he says an ungovernable terror gripped me Throughout the book there is an imbalance of power, this is with the Martians having there immensely powerful light rays and the humans only having there guns. The main quote which shows the imbalance of power is its bows and arrows against the lightening anyhow. When the imbalance of power is realised by the humans they start to flee there house when the Martians get closer. When the Martians are in London there are only a few of them against all of the population but only one of the Martians get injured, although two of them where destroyed by the Thunder Child. The civilisation of London is destroyed by the Martians black gas. The black gas forces people who are living there to flee their houses so they dont die. With this black gas covering London the book quotes that it is like an ink splodge on a map. H.G Well adds a religious side to the novel when he introduces the curate, also the exodus in London can be compared with the story of Sodom and Gomorrah. The book also highlights many of the fears of the people at the time when it was written. One of the main fears at that time was of the industrial revolution, with machines being invented and used many people where afraid that machines would eventually take over the world. Also at that time the British where colonising many countries, one of these where Africa. The quote which was used in the book about bows and arrows is also linked to countries like Africa having basic weapons when the British had guns etc. Around that time many people believed that there might have been men on mars. H.G Wells manages to incorporate some of the fears of mechanisation through the way which the Martians are portrayed. The way which the Martians treated the humans is identified by the way which the British was treating the countries which they where colonising. Today people never have the same fears at what people had back when The War of the Worlds was written, this is mainly because scientist have managed to prove more things and technology is much more advanced now days. Although the main fears of today are nuclear war and weapons of mass destruction.

Foundations of Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

Foundations of Western Civilization Essay Essay 1: Pope Urban II launched the First Crusade when the Byzantine emperor Alexios I asked for help to fight against the Muslims. In 1095, Pope Urban II made a speech at the council of Clermont to persuade the people and nobility who attended the council to wage war for their Holy Land against the Seljuk Turks. His speech was considered as one of the most effective speeches given in European history. Because of this speech, he was able to reconcile their fight against the Muslims by telling them that they have to fight together because it is the will of God. In turn, the Crusaders were Christians formed to wage fights against Muslims, pagans and other political enemies of the popes. The First Crusade’s major purpose was to reclaim Jerusalem from Muslims. Major motivations for any Crusader at that time were the promise of deliverance from their sins, exemption from tax and protection from the church. Another motivation was that if any Crusader died, they will certainly go to heaven. The First Crusades was successful in getting back their Holy Land. Four new kingdoms were established and the First Crusades were followed with more conquests to gain territories against their enemies. The First Crusades was able to help the pope expand his power and authority of the church among the people of those times. Essay 2: (Aztec, Egyptian and Mayan Civilization) One common thing about these three civilizations is that they have many gods that people worship. Religion in these civilizations influenced political life because leaders associated them closely with their gods. In the Egyptian civilization, some pharaohs considered themselves as son of the sun-god while some leaders in the mentioned civilizations considered themselves as reincarnations of their gods. Rulers during this time were also the high priests themselves and led many religious ceremonies. Religion greatly influenced political conquests in these ancient civilizations because captives from foreign conquests were mainly used as human sacrifices for religious rituals and ceremonies. In Mayan and Aztec civilizations, a number of their religious rituals included human sacrifices to their major gods. These rituals were used to send messages across their enemies how powerful they are. References The First Crusades, http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/cru2. htm. , 2002-2008 Aztec Civilization. http://encarta. msn. com/ Egyptian Civilization. http://encarta. msn. com/ Mayan Civilization. http://encarta. msn. com/

Fitness Business Analysis

Fitness Business Analysis INTRODUCTION The aim of the report is to analyse the position of Fitness Express, a business consisting fourteen fitness clubs and recommend Steve Taylor and Dave Courteen on how they can improve the business over the next five years. To achieve this, an analysis of both the external and internal environment of the business will be considered. A study of the external environment will be done with the help of the Porters five forces analysis followed by a life cycle study leading to a PESTEL analysis. This will be followed by a SWOT analysis to study the internal environment of the business. Thus by analyzing the external influences and the strengths and weaknesses of the business, a conclusion will be drawn on the development options of the business. NATURE OF THE BUSINESS Position to date: Fitness Express was founded by Dave Courteen and Steve Taylor in 1987. The business constituted 14 fitness clubs as of January 2000. By then over 190 staff were employed. The partnership of Dave and Steve had matured into a highly professional business in the last 13 years providing first class systems for the customers. Mission: The mission of Fitness Express was to bring excellence, a passion for health fitness, and professionalism to the fitness industry. A fitness club is where the customers come to feel good, have fun and keep fit at the same time. Fitness Express ran on this philosophy. Short Term Objective: The business was projected to turnover in excess of  £2million that year. Long Term Objective: They intended to develop a winning service formula and to create first class systems and routines to bear their offering. Key personnel: The business was run by Dave Courteen and his partner Steve Taylor. They had employed over 190 staff. STRATEGY Fitness Express was born in June 1987. From the beginning it was evident that the skills of the partners complemented each other. Dave was the negotiator and Steve was the man-manager. Dave enjoyed building the business; Steve was good at the operational side. Staff were hired on the basis of their personality rather than on their fitness. Dave and Steve paid great attention to the personal development and training their staff. The policy of Fitness Express was EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SERVICE, which required friendly and approachable staff. Gym users were frequently spoken to. In order to maintain a friendly environment they greeted their customers by their first names. The partners also realized that there was enthusiasm amongst the under-represented part of the population who were over 40s and 50s de-conditioned segment. This saw them place an emphasis on developing the club as a place to come and socialise. Four years into the business, Dave and Steve realized that they should expand their business. As they had no funds to build new health centres in different venues, they began to offer consulting services to independent hoteliers like Best Western Hotels. They also had an opportunity to work with Thomas Cook on their  £4milloin staff leisure facility which secured them the contract to run Legal and Generals facility in Tadworth, Surrey. DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS 1. Deal with Swallow: The Swallow Hotel Group approached Fitness Express to merge in a joint venture. In that case 50% of the shares would be acquired by Swallow. All the leisure centres would be run by Fitness Express. The hotel will continue to employ their own staff. They will be supported by a Fitness Express Team. 2. To expand through acquisition: Following 12 successful years, Fitness Express was cash rich with over  £300,000 sitting in the bank to use in acquisitions. So another option was to expand through acquisition. There was existing a similar contract management company as Fitness Express but far less profitable per club. Integrating them into Fitness Express and expand their business seemed to an alternative. 3. Organic growth: Organic growth can also be considered as an option. Fitness Express was running a tight ship and there was limited room to increase the earnings potential within the existing clubs. They already ran added-value revenue generating services, such as a holiday club, but perhaps more could be done with the existing hotels such as running weekend fitness breaks. IDENTIFYING SOURCES OF COMPETITION 1. THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS Threat of new entrant might not be a matter of huge concern as there are high barriers to entry in this industry. Highly developed equipments and expert staff requirement make it difficult for fitness centres to enter in the market. 2. BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS With the membership levels rising steadily and the market getting oversaturated the buyer powers were high. 3. BARGAINING POWERS OF SUPPLIERS It was important to invest with hotels of the right hotels. But the number of quality hotels being less the bargaining powers of suppliers was high. 4. THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES The threat from the substitutes was not very high as there were few companies in the UK of the same stature as of Fitness Express. One of these was a similar contract management company with thirty contracts, but their profit margins were comparatively low compared to Fitness Express. 5. COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT With the merger activities going on the competition were on the high. LivingWell, the health clubs operated by Stakis, the hotel and casino group, had overtaken David Llyod Leisure. Cannons and First Leisure also came close to merging their health and fitness business. LIFE CYCLE OF THE BUSINESS Development Stage Users/buyers: Dave and Steve started their business as they took over the total control of the gym of the Barnham Broom hotel in Norwich. The business depended on the membership fees and the customers were those who were the members of the hotel leisure club. Competitors: Competitors were very few. Growth Stage Users/buyers: A monthly guest appearance on local Radio Broadlands fitness phone-in programme for 30 minutes seemed to be effective. Answering listeners, questions on fitness, e.g. how to work off excess fat gained over Christmas, gave FE wide coverage in the local area. Competitors: At this stage they were entry of the competitors. There was a high competition to niche the market position. Shakeout Stage Users/buyers: A swimming pool was added to the hotel site. The facilities attracted more people. Thus there was increase in the number of customers. Fitness Express effected a change in the payment structure. Competitors: Very high competition led to develop the business in other venues. Maturity Stage Users/buyers: They began to offer consulting services to independent hoteliers like Best Western Hotels. They also had an opportunity to work with Thomas Cook on their  £4milloin staff -leisure facility. Thus their business continued to develop at other venues. Competitors: Three new contracts were established in 1993. One of them was located only five miles away from their base at Barnham Broom. So the competition was high and there was a threat of losing customers. Decline Stage Users/buyers: With the days going through the contract expiry dates were around the corner. Thus it was evident that there could be a decline soon. Competitors: The issue of the contract was solved by ensuring that one would serve the family and children while the other would serve only the older group people. Thus the competition was reduced ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE COMPANYS MARKET POSITION 1. POLITICAL: Political issues include government policies or legislation. For a fitness organization, there is very little to be concerned about trade restrictions and tax. 2. ECONOMIC: Economic issues are a key factor for a fitness company. Fitness companies are leisure service providers. There might be a decrease in number of customers when there is an economic decline. People will not spend money on leisure activities when they have less disposable income. 3. SOCIOCULTURAL: Population demographics are an important factor which influences a fitness company. This includes age, sex and income of people. There is high demand from both young and old people for fitness and physical development. Fitness is also independent of sex. As discussed in the economic issues, fitness companies provide leisure facilities the economic condition of people is a matter of concern. Fitness Express was based on urban centre in East Anglia. This was strength of the business. 4. TECHNOLOGICAL: While technological issues might favour the company in terms of providing high barriers to entry for new entrants, it might be a matter of concern for the high demand and expectation from customers. Highly developed equipments and expert staff requirement make it difficult for fitness centres to enter in the market. At the same time in order to compete with the existing competitors, a fitness company should be aware of the technological developments and provide the latest equipments to its customers. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL: Environmental factors could come in way of a fitness company. Energy consumption is high as the equipments run on electricity. Hence the environmental protection laws can come in the way. 6. LEGAL: Being a fitness company, legal issues come into play in health and safety matters. Rules and regulations should be strict regarding quality of equipments used. All the staff should be well qualified and trained. This in turn will have an impact on the staff costs. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength Weakness Experience of Dave and Steve Both Dave and Steve were highly respected within their industry Excellent Customer Service provided by Fitness Express Staff recruitment policy Wide coverage in the local area through media Small business of 14 clubs Despite the number of staff they employed, Dave and Steve were still very hands-on Increase in staff cost High buyer power High supplier power Opportunities Threat Growing the business in other venues Deal with Swallow Including acquisition Organic growth Expiry of contracts with customers Customer loyalty and insufficient facilities Competition Loss of niche market power STRENGTH Steve worked with a large sports retailing outlet in York as a student, where he gained valuable experience in managing the operations of a large facility. Dave did his summer job in Lowesoft. He was involved in designing a mobile gym and providing fitness assessment for holidaymakers during his summer job. These experiences paid off when they started their own business. Steve involved himself in the operational side of the business. Dave looked upon developing the business. Their strength was the respect they enjoyed within the industry. Dave was also appointed as Chairman of the Fitness Industry Association (FIA). The goodwill in the market certainly attracts customers towards a business. The policy of Fitness Express was EXCELLENT CUSTOMER SERVICE, which requires friendly and approachable staff. Gym users were frequently spoken to. In order to maintain a friendly environment they greeted their customers by their first names. The quality of the staff, and their ability to communicate with the guests would be the most important factor whether or not a guest would return the following year. Staffs were more likely hired on the basis of their personality than on their fitness, and any future business run by Steve would pay great attention to the personal development and training their staff. Word of mouth and the local PR that they encouraged generated membership for their club. A monthly guest appearance on local Radio Broadlands fitness phone-in programme for 30 minutes seemed to be effective. Answering listeners, questions on fitness, e.g. how to work off excess fat gained over Christmas, gave FE wide coverage in the local area. WEAKNESS Building the small empire of 14 clubs had taken Dave and Steve over 12 years. Their competitors had a more widespread business. Despite having employed over 190 staffs, Dave and Steve were both still very hands-on. Managing at both the tactical and the strategic level was physically exhausting and they knew that it was unsustainable in the long run. Since the industry demands well qualified and trained staff. This will have an impact on the staff costs. With the membership levels rising steadily and the market getting oversaturated the buyer powers were high. As the number of quality hotels to deal with was few, the bargaining powers of suppliers were high. OPPURTINITIES Four years into the business, Dave and Steve realized that they should expand their business. As they had no funds to build new health centres in different venues, they began to offer consulting services to independent hoteliers like Best Western Hotels. They also had an opportunity to work with Thomas Cook on their  £4milloin staff leisure facility which secured them the contract to run Legal and Generals facility in Tadworth, Surrey. A deal with Swallow, a major UK hotel chain meant that 50% of the shares of FE would be purchased by them. All the chains leisure facilities would be managed by Fitness Express on a joint venture basis, with the hotels continuing to employ their own staff, but supported by a dedicated Fitness Express team. This came as a big opportunity and everyone was exited. Following 12 successful years, Fitness Express was cash rich with over  £300,000 sitting in the bank to use in acquisitions. There was existing a similar contract management company as Fitness Express but far less profitable per club. Integrating them into Fitness Express, with all the personnel and cultural issues that would emerge, would be even more difficult, especially given the geographic spread of the contracts they would be buying. Organic growth can also be considered as an option. Fitness Express was running a tight ship and there was limited room to increase the earnings potential within the existing clubs. They already ran added-value revenue generating services, such as a holiday club, but perhaps more could be done with the existing hotels such as running weekend fitness breaks. THREAT One of their customers was the Hotel Norwich who served notice to leave, with their contract of two years expiring over the following three months. Applying this to their other contracts, Dave and Steve realized that within two years the basis of their entire business could collapse. So they went back to all their sites and renegotiated their contracts. Most customers eventually agreed to a three-year contract with a six-month notice either way. This was a mere temporary solution. But it was to be kept on mind that expiry of contracts is a continuous threat for Fitness Express. A disaster hotel was taken on. The management of the hotel was not committed to the customer service and facilities were not up to the mark to generate sufficient turnover (e.g. there was no car park), so quickly the two partners realized that this could never be made to work satisfactorily. Luckily the contract being an incorrectly-worded one, they found a way to get out of the agreement after one year. Though they incurred a loss of  £30k but overall disaster was avoided. So it was important to grow with the right hotels. But were there sufficient hotels of the right quality out there? With the merger activities going on the competition were on the high. LivingWell, the health clubs operated by Stakis, the hotel and casino group, had overtaken David Llyod Leisure. Cannons and First Leisure also came close to merging their health and fitness business. Three new contracts were established in 1993. One of them was located only five miles away from their base at Barnham Broom. This came as a potential threat. The high competition in the market can also affect loss of the market power that the company secured over the past years. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION As the options of further growth of the Fitness Express seemed to be three-fold, with the analysis of the macro and the microenvironments it can be concluded that expanding Fitness Express through acquisition would be a good option. Though the deal with Swallow is attractive financially, but to sell the company and let the business become another highly professional fitness chain does not seem to be the best measure. Again they were running in a tight ship and there was limited room to increase the earnings potential within the existing clubs. The only way to grow significantly was to increase the number of clubs. Dave and Steve were highly respected in the industry. They were very experienced. Fitness express provided excellent customer service. With these strengths, the company should focus on acquiring another management company and work on the improvements of the existing infrastructure to make it pay.

Organizational Culture in Turkish :: Foreign Turkey Turkish Essays

Organizational Culture in Turkish Ãâ€"rgà ¼t kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ ile ilgili à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾malarà ½n 1970’li yà ½llarda baà ¾ladà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ ve 1980’lerde ise aà °Ãƒ ½rlà ½k kazandà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½ gà ¶rà ¼lmektedir . Bunun sebeplerinden ilki, à ¶rgà ¼tte à §eà ¾itli kà ¼ltà ¼rlerden gelen insanlarà ½n oluà ¾turduklarà ½ alt kà ¼ltà ¼rlerin birbirleri à ¼zerinde kurmak istedikleri iktidar mà ¼cadelelerinden kaynaklanan olumsuz à §atà ½Ãƒ ¾ma ortamà ½nà ½ engellemek ià §in bir à ¼st kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼n tanà ½mlanmasà ½na ihtiyaà § duyulmasà ½dà ½r. Bà ¶ylece à ¶rgà ¼te gelen à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾anlar kapà ½dan ià §eri girerken dà ½Ãƒ ¾arà ½dan getirdikleri kendi kà ¼ltà ¼rel kimlik ve deà °erlerini tà ½pkà ½ paltolarà ½nà ½ askà ½ya asar gibi dà ½Ãƒ ¾arà ½da bà ½rakacaklar ve ià ¾ à ¶nlà ¼klerini giyer gibi à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼n à ¼st kà ¼ltà ¼rel kimlià °ini takà ½nacaklardà ½r. à kincisi, 1970’li yà ½llardan itibaren Japonya’nà ½n, yà ¶netim ve ià ¾letmecilik alanà ½nda Amerika’nà ½n à ¼stà ¼nlà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼nà ¼ kà ½rmaya baà ¾lamasà ½dà ½r. Bilindià °i à ¼zere, 1960’là ½ ve 1970’li yà ½llar arasà ½ Amerika’nà ½n dà ¼nya ekonomisinde yà ¶netim ve ià ¾letmecilik alnà ½nda à ¼stà ¼nlà ¼Ãƒ °Ãƒ ¼nà ¼n tartà ½Ãƒ ¾masà ½z kabul edildià °i bir dà ¶nem olma à ¶zellià °i taà ¾Ãƒ ½maktadà ½r. Oysaki II. Dà ¼nya Savaà ¾Ãƒ ½nà ½n hemen arkasà ½ndan Japon ià ¾letmelerinin birà §ok alanda Amerikan ià ¾letmelerinin à ¶nà ¼ne geà §mesi ve à ¼lkelerini ekonomik bir sà ¼per gà ¼Ãƒ § olmaya doà °ru gà ¶tà ¼rmeleri birà §ok araà ¾tà ½rmacà ½yà ½ bunun nedeni ile ilgilenmeye yà ¶neltmià ¾tir (Morgan, 1998). Bu ilgi à ¶rgà ¼t kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ ile ilgili bir takà ½m kavramlarà ½n gelià ¾mesini saà °lamà ½Ãƒ ¾tà ½r. Bu à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾ma iki bà ¶là ¼mden oluà ¾maktadà ½r. Birinci bà ¶là ¼m Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ kavramà ½nà ½ atomize ederek baà ¾ta à ¶rgà ¼t ,ardà ½nda kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramlarà ½nà ½ ià ¾leyecek adà ½ndan ise bir bà ¼tà ¼n olarak Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼nà ¼ irdeleyecektir. à kinci bà ¶là ¼m ise Ãâ€"rgà ¼t Kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼nà ¼n temel unsurlarà ½ olanVarsayà ½mlar,deà °erler, Normlar ve dià °er unsurlarà ½n tek tek ele alà ½nà ½p incelenmesinden oluà ¾maktadà ½r. Bà Rà NCà  BÃâ€"LÃÅ"M:Ãâ€"RGÃÅ"T KÃÅ"LTÃÅ"RÃÅ" Ãâ€"rgà ¼t: Ãâ€"rgà ¼tà ¼n deà °ià ¾ik tanà ½mlarà ½ yapà ½lmà ½Ãƒ ¾tà ½r. Barnard (1994), â€Å"à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼, iki veya daha fazla bireyin bilinà §li olarak koordine edilmià ¾ etkinliklerinin veya gà ¼Ãƒ §lerinin bir sistemi† olarak tanà ½mlamà ½Ãƒ ¾ ve bir à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼n, ortak bir amacà ½ baà ¾armak ià §in aksiyona katkà ½da bulunmaya gà ¶nà ¼llà ¼, birbirleriyle iletià ¾ime girebilen bireyler olduà °unda ortaya à §Ãƒ ½ktà ½Ãƒ °Ãƒ ½nà ½ à ¶ne sà ¼rmà ¼Ãƒ ¾tà ¼r. Schein (1970) à ¶rgà ¼tà ¼; â€Å"ià ¾ ve ià ¾ bà ¶là ¼mà ¼ yapà ½larak, bir otorite ve sorumluluk hiyerarà ¾isi ià §inde, ortak amaà § ya da amacà ½n gerà §ekleà ¾tirilmesi ià §in bir araya gelen insanlarà ½n, gerà §ekleà ¾tirdikleri faaliyetlerinin ussal eà ¾gà ¼dà ¼mà ¼Ã¢â‚¬ , Etzoni (1964) â€Å"belirli amaà §lara ulaà ¾mak ià §in kurulmuà ¾ toplumsal birimler†, Marc ve Simon (1958) ise, â€Å"à ¼yeleri arasà ½nda ilià ¾kiden oluà ¾an toplumsal bir yapà ½Ã¢â‚¬  olarak tanà ½mlamà ½Ãƒ ¾lardà ½r. Genià ¾ anlamà ½yla à ¶rgà ¼t; belirli amaà §lar doà °rultusunda kià ¾ilerin à §abalarà ½nà ½n eà ¾gà ¼dà ¼mlendià °i bir yà ¶netim ià ¾levi; amaà §, insan, teknoloji boyutlarà ½nà ½n etkileà ¾tià °i bir sistem; kià ¾ilià °ini belirleyen ve kendine à ¶zgà ¼ bir kà ¼ltà ¼rà ¼ olan; ià ¾leri, mevkileri, à §alà ½Ãƒ ¾anlarà ½ ve aralarà ½ndaki yetki ve iletià ¾im ilià ¾kilerini gà ¶steren bir yapà ½dà ½r. Kà ¼ltà ¼r: Kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramà ½ birà §ok bilimsel araà ¾tà ½rma disiplini ya da uygulama alanà ½nda kullanà ½la gelmektedir. Bu à §ok alanlà ½là ½k kà ¼ltà ¼re pek à §ok farklà ½ yaklaà ¾Ãƒ ½mà ½ ve farklà ½ kà ¼ltà ¼r tanà ½mlarà ½nà ½ da beraberinde getirmektedir. Dolayà ½sà ½yla biyoloji, sosyoloji,tarih, antropoloji, gà ¼zel sanatlar,felsefe vb. konularda ele alà ½nan kà ¼ltà ¼r kavramà ½nà ½ tek bir tanà ½mla belirlemek olanaksà ½z hale gelmektedir. Genel olarak bir à §ok tanà ½mdan ortak bià §imde à §Ãƒ ½karà ½labilecek tanà ½ma gà ¶re kà ¼ltà ¼r, insanlarà ½n dà ¼nyaya bakà ½Ãƒ ¾ aà §Ãƒ ½sà ½nà ½, olaylarà ½ ve bireyleri algà ½lama bià §imlerini belirlemektedir ve aynà ½ topluluà °a ait bireylerce paylaà ¾Ãƒ ½lan, bir nesilden dià °erine geà §en tutum, davranà ½Ãƒ ¾,deà °erlendirme, inanà § ve yaà ¾am bià §imlerini yorumlamayà ½ saà °layan bir olgu olarak tanà ½mlanabilir.

Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior and the Types of Treatments :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior and the Types of Treatments Could you imagine to constantly be thinking over and over about something, such as keeping your hands clean from germs? Now imagine yourself washing your hands repeatedly for an obscene amount of time because you want relief from these nagging thoughts. At the same time you realize, "Gosh, what am I doing?" These are the symptoms of an individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior (OCB). OCB is an anxiety disorder which carries a person's ordinary concerns to an extreme. The disorder is characterized by a series of obsessions, which are reoccurring thoughts, or fears, that constantly persist throughout a single day and which inevitably drives an individual crazy (1). Compulsions are actions, or thoughts, that the individual performs to briefly relieve their obsessions (1). Two other characteristics of OCB are the recognition of these symptoms as being unreasonable and the consumption of time due to the routines (1), (4). A basic fact is that OCB is non-discriminatory. OCB is thought to typically begin during adolescence, or early childhood. The symptoms are the same, but the child may not recognize the irrationality of these. In a survey conducted by Epidemiological Catchmen Area, it was found that approximately 1.5-2% of Americans suffer from OCB in a given year, and 2.5% have had symptoms sometime in their life. Amazingly, Canada, Puerto Rico, Germany, Korea, and New Zealand experience roughly the same percentage ratio (7), (11). The specific cause of OCB is uncertain, but researchers have discovered through the use of Positron Emission Tomagraphy, that when individuals with OCB are compared to individuals without OCB the "orbital cortex, at the underside of the brain's frontal lobe," is overactive (9). The hypothesis is that there is a communication problem between the frontal lobe of the brain, which controls thought and decision, and the caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia that acts as a relay station and control of movement (1), (11). Psychiatrist Jeffrey Schwartz at UCLA describes OCB as a "shake in the mind," because the disorder causes the individual to have abnormal thoughts (9). The overactive region activates, as Schwartz suggests, "a 'worry circuit' including the caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia that helps in switching gears from one to another, the cingulate gyrus, which wrenches the gut with dread, and the thalamus, which processes the body's sensory inputs [to become] "locke d in gear (9). Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior and the Types of Treatments :: Biology Essays Research Papers Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior and the Types of Treatments Could you imagine to constantly be thinking over and over about something, such as keeping your hands clean from germs? Now imagine yourself washing your hands repeatedly for an obscene amount of time because you want relief from these nagging thoughts. At the same time you realize, "Gosh, what am I doing?" These are the symptoms of an individual with Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior (OCB). OCB is an anxiety disorder which carries a person's ordinary concerns to an extreme. The disorder is characterized by a series of obsessions, which are reoccurring thoughts, or fears, that constantly persist throughout a single day and which inevitably drives an individual crazy (1). Compulsions are actions, or thoughts, that the individual performs to briefly relieve their obsessions (1). Two other characteristics of OCB are the recognition of these symptoms as being unreasonable and the consumption of time due to the routines (1), (4). A basic fact is that OCB is non-discriminatory. OCB is thought to typically begin during adolescence, or early childhood. The symptoms are the same, but the child may not recognize the irrationality of these. In a survey conducted by Epidemiological Catchmen Area, it was found that approximately 1.5-2% of Americans suffer from OCB in a given year, and 2.5% have had symptoms sometime in their life. Amazingly, Canada, Puerto Rico, Germany, Korea, and New Zealand experience roughly the same percentage ratio (7), (11). The specific cause of OCB is uncertain, but researchers have discovered through the use of Positron Emission Tomagraphy, that when individuals with OCB are compared to individuals without OCB the "orbital cortex, at the underside of the brain's frontal lobe," is overactive (9). The hypothesis is that there is a communication problem between the frontal lobe of the brain, which controls thought and decision, and the caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia that acts as a relay station and control of movement (1), (11). Psychiatrist Jeffrey Schwartz at UCLA describes OCB as a "shake in the mind," because the disorder causes the individual to have abnormal thoughts (9). The overactive region activates, as Schwartz suggests, "a 'worry circuit' including the caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia that helps in switching gears from one to another, the cingulate gyrus, which wrenches the gut with dread, and the thalamus, which processes the body's sensory inputs [to become] "locke d in gear (9).

Appearance: What You See Is Not Always What You Get Essay -- Literary

Thomas Pain once said â€Å"[a] long habit of not thinking a thing wrong gives it a superficial appearance of being right.† Appearances are the first thing to catch one’s attention. Whether it be a supermodel, a famous photograph, or the unmistakable golden arches: we take notice. The essays written by Judith Ortiz Cofer, Eric Schlosser, and Nora Ephron demonstrate the effect appearances have on individuals and our society undividedly. In Judith Ortiz Cofer's essay "The Story of My Body," she shares her struggle with appearance and self-esteem. Ms. Cofer admits her definitions of appearance changed when she relocated to the United States at age eight. She states "I was born a white girl in Puerto Rico, but became a brown girl when I came to live in the United States" (Cofer 323). For instance, Cofer is identified as a palm blanca in Puerto Rico and as a colored girl during her first encounter of color prejudice. In addition to her cultural dispute with appearance, Ms. Cofer displays an internal dispute with her appearance in size. At age twelve standing five-feet tall, Ms. Cofer was viewed by her family as a tall young woman in comparison to her mother who was no taller than four-foot-eleven. Her mother exemplified this by saying â€Å"†[s]ince you are so tall, this dress will look good on you†" (Cofer 326). Her classmates at her New Jersey public school viewed her appearance very differently. Ms. Co fer was perceived as the "4F, skinny, short, bespectacled" (Cofer 326) kid on the playground impervious to competition; whereas her true competition lay in the classroom. Appearance is what creates an initial attraction to one’s significant other; for example, Cofer describes her first crush, Ted, whom she describes as "pretty with yellow ... ... photographic coverage of events must be published regardless of the subject, simply because the events took place. The author states " That's why photojournalism is often more powerful than written journalism" (Ephron 438), emphasizing that censorship harms the purity of death and that interpretation and judgment must be left to the reader. Ms. Ephron establishes, appearances are memorable and powerful. Society’s views always fluctuate, as they are allowed, and censorship is a major threat the right to form our own opinions. An initial reaction can be everlasting. This is why it is believed that appearance and first impressions are most important. Although, understanding what we see versus what we get is vital. It is imperative to venture past first appearances and impressions; sometimes there lies honesty or deceit. Appearances are not always what they seem.

Importance of Matrifocal family in the caribbean Essay

The Matrifocal family Is very prominent in the Caribbean. This is noted more as among people of Africans in the regions. Reasons for this diversity, Cultural Retention, Plantation system of slavery, SOCIO economic and the culture of property. Cultural retention, Melville Herkevitts was one of the first researchers to trace the African Origin of the slaves who came to the Americans he believed that despite attempts to strip Africans slaves ot their cultural heritage the practice ot polygyny was retained from the practice. affected by bonding and closeness of mother and child because the husband/ father was somewhat marginal. This pattern remained in the Caribbean society especially about lower class people of African descent. Plantation system, there is the belief that the persistence of the Matrifocal family can be seen as a consequence of the plantation system of slavery, M. C. Smith wrote that under plantation slavery stables families were not given a chance to develop unions of whatever sort, were often broken up as slaves were sold. The unit of mother and child was less likely to be torn apart than a unit of man, woman and child, males were denied family rights which resulted in a system of female centeredness therefore became marginalise. Women now lead their families. It is a well-organized social group which represents a positive adaptauon to the circumstances of poverty. By not tying herself down to a husband. the mother is able to maintain causal relationships with a number of men who can provide her with financial support. The above Information shows that the Matrlfocal family can be regarded as a form of family structure in its own right. It is therefore Important because it shows that a woman doesnt need a man to take care of her and her family, she If fully cable of performing both tasks all by herself. so Matrltocal family Is very Important.

Health Promotion in Nursing Care Essay

Many years ago, people focused on disease and illness and not staying healthy or preventing illness from occurring. People did not go to the doctor for wellness checks but rather only if they had an ailment. Immunizations have removed some of the diseases that were causing death among the individuals that had contracted the illness. Health promotion has come to the forefront in medical practice since the movement of Healthy People that focuses on health and not illness. Health promotion can be perceived differently by individuals. â€Å"Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions† World Health Organization website (as cited in Casey 2007). Nurses have a vital role in health promotion in all health care settings, be it at home, in a clinic, hospital, or out in the community. It is important for the nurse to understand that health promotion is not only for the healthy but also for individuals that are disabled, have a chronic disease or are dying. By administering education and referrals to other health care professionals, the nurse is providing individuals the tools they need to experience the highest level of health possible for their given situation. Often nurses are engaging in health promotion activities while interacting with patients and are not aware of this as it becomes automatic in daily practice. Health promotion in a hospital setting can be as simple as encouraging deep breathing exercises and early mobilization to prevent pneumonia. Nurses can serve as a role model and educator in different settings such as at home with their own family members, clinics, hospitals or in the community (Lazarou, C., & Kouta, C. 2010 ). One role of the nurse in health promotion is to collaborate with all providers involved. Collaboration is especially important when working in a homecare setting to make sure a diagnosis hasn’t changed or the primary provider hasn’t changed the treatment plan. Supporting health promotion will help the economy by reducing illness and disease, allow faster recovery of illness and improve one’s quality of life. Effective health promotion teaching ultimately depends on how open the individual(s) is to change (Casey 2007). Prior to providing health promotion material, it is important to assess the learner to obtain their preferred learning method and any cultural issues that would affect the teaching. The teaching material has to be age appropriate for the learner. If they do not understand what is being taught, the teaching will be a waste of time for the nurse as well as the individual(s) involved. A nurse can passively mention a health promotion idea while caring for their patient to see their response to the concept. This passive approach could spur a conversation regarding the idea and make the patient more receptive to learning. After assessing the patient for learning readiness, providing written material and encouraging individuals to make a change is a good place to start a promotion activity. Another implementation approach would be to involve the patient’s family if the teaching involves cooking or other lifestyle changes. This approach will add a support system for the patient but also make others in the household aware of changes that need to be made. Depending on what the lifestyle changes are, they could benefit the entire household, not just the patient. The patient should be involved when setting health promotion goals (Casey 2007). If the goals are set by the nurse, the patient will probably not be as receptive to making a lifestyle change. Another method effective for health promotion is motivational interviewing. The patient is involved during all stages of planning. They not only decide on the goal, but also figure out what barriers they may face that would hinder their success. This approach would work well for implementing health promotion for increased activity and incorporating more fruits and vegetables into one’s diet. (Whittemore et al., 2010) There are three types of health promotion. The first type of health promotion is primary prevention. This type of prevention is often carried out in a community setting. Fluoridation of water to help lessen cavities, smoking bans in public areas and immunizations are examples of primary prevention as they remove the risk factors or causes of disease. The second type of health promotion is secondary prevention. Annual physicals, mammograms and colonoscopies are examples of secondary prevention because they are able to detect disease early, often before the patient is symptomatic. At this level of prevention, it is hoped that the disease is caught early enough so the effects can be reversed. The third type of health promotion is tertiary prevention. During this stage of health promotion, the patient already has the disease so the aim is to slow the progression to allow the patient to have the highest quality of life possible. Blood glucose control for the diabetic to try to prevent blindness and limb amputations is one example of tertiary prevention. Rehabilitation after a stroke would also fall under tertiary prevention (Oberg 2010). Over the years, health promotion is an important responsibility that has shifted from the physician to the nurse. They can participate in health fairs or partner with organizations and schools within the community to provide seminars. If funding for a program is an issue, grants might be available for funding. Physicians, dentists or dieticians may volunteer their time or help with the funding for school programs. Nurses could also participate with corporations to promote healthy lifestyle changes to lower health insurance premiums for their employees. As more people focus on wellness instead of illness, opportunities for the nurse to encourage health promotion are endless. References Casey, D. (2007). Nurses’ perceptions, understanding and experiences of health promotion. Journal Of Clinical Nursing, 16(6), 1039-1049. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.01640.x Lazarou, C., & Kouta, C. (2010). The role of nurses in the prevention and management of obesity. British Journal Of Nursing (BJN), 19(10), 641-647. Oberg, E. (2010). Preventive services update. Integrative Medicine: A Clinician’s Journal, 9(4), 22-26. Whittemore, R., Melkus, G., Alexander, N., Zibel, S., Visone, E., Muench, U., & †¦ Wilborne, S. (2010). Implementation of a lifestyle program in primary care by nurse practitioners. Journal Of The American Academy Of Nurse Practitioners, 22(12), 684-693. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2010.00562.x View as multi-pages

Quantitative data analysis

The systematic study of quantitative properties, phenomena and their relationship is known as quantitative research (Morgan, 1998, pp. 362). Quantitative methods collect information concerned with numbers and things that are measurable.The main objective of quantitative methods is to establish and utilize mathematical theories and models together with hypotheses concerned with the phenomena.Measurements are very significant in quantitative methods since it establishes the link between mathematical expressions and empirical observation of quantitative relationships, therefore, tables, graphs and statistics are mostly used in presentation of the study results. Quantitative methods usually employ statistical methods which comprises of data collection on the basis of hypothesis whereby a big sample is involved on contrary to qualitative methods. This calls for validation, verification and data recording before analysis begins.The data is analysed through software packages such as SPSS. A controversy exists between quantitative and qualitative methods whereby quantitative method is seen as the only method that can cause social sciences be truly scientific while qualitative methods advocates argue that quantitative methods ignore non measurable aspects of the society which are very significant hence they obscure reality of social phenomena (Morgan, 2008, pp. 368).Qualitative research designsSocial sciences and market research usually employ qualitative research method whereby the method aims at investigating a deeper understanding of human behaviours and the reasons behind such behaviours. Qualitative research method is concerned with how and why in making decisions rather than what, when and where, therefore, it mostly prefers smaller samples as compared to large samples in quantitative methods (Morgan, 1998, pp. 370).Information given by qualitative methods is based on specific study cases whereby it considers only hypothesis in formulating conclusions which are mo re general, thus qualitative methods are useful in generating hypothesis and providing explanations to puzzling results from quantitative studies.However, in order to verify the true hypotheses quantitative methods are used. There are possibilities of a researcher in qualitative methods to have problems in taking a transcendental or neutral position thus selection of cases should be purposeful and the researcher’s position or role should be given more critical attention. Qualitative data analysis focuses on transparent and systematic approaches whereby consistent and reliable methods in data coding, discernment and documentation of themes are essential requirements of the researcher.Mixed perspectivesThis is the attempt of combining both qualitative and quantitative research techniques, approaches, language, concepts and methods (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 17). Researchers are therefore not restricted to one research method hence they have the flexibility to access mult iple approaches to provide answers to research questions (Johnson & Onwuegbuze, 2004, pp. 15). For instance, in order to understand the meaning of measurements given by quantitative methods, qualitative methods can be employed.Moreover, quantitative methods are useful in providing testable and precise expression to qualitative results. Mixed method type and mixed model type are the major types of mixed research methods. The combination of quantitative and qualitative methods approaches across and within the research process stages is known as mixed model while the involvement of a quantitative phase in the entire research process as distinct from a qualitative phase is known as mixed method (Johnson & Onwuegbuzie, 2004, pp. 23).

Art Notes: Living With Art

Art Megaliths are large stones that are surrounded by a circular ditch. The monument is presumably the marking of graveyard and once was accompanied by other monuments. The Neolithic era is known for the uses of new tools and constructive materials such as hardening clays using a flame. Pottery was used to create bowls, food Jars, cups, and a variance of other objects. Each culture characterizes art in its own way. Artists perform tasks such as create places for some human purpose, create extraordinary versions of ordinary objects, record and commemorate, give tangible form to the unknown. Eves tangible form to feelings and Ideas. And refreshes our vision and help us see the world in new ways. Vincent Van Gogh was a â€Å"painfully disturbed, tormented man who, in spite of his anguish, managed to create extraordinary art. † He was born In Grotto Sunders, Holland. By the time he became intense into art he only had ten years left to live. Creativity is the ability to create some thing that is â€Å"innovative and useful†. Researchers say that creativity can definitely be Improved.Selective perception Is the focusing on the visual Information needed for the task at hand and being able to zone out that of the background. The nature of perception suggests that one of the most important aspects is to notice details and visual relationships, recognize associations and emotions they inspire. Chapter 2 What is Art? Art museums are a source of civic pride. Many artists left behind extravagant examples of just how much they too valued art. Vincent Van Gogh painted Wheat Held and Cypress Trees which demonstrated his genius. Art and beauty art greatly linked.In the 1 8th century when art became a widely approved category, art and beauty were used together to describe a feeling of pleasure. Philosophers hardhearted this pleasure as an â€Å"intellectual pleasure/we perceive through a special kind of attention called disinterested contemplation. † Beauty i s linked to qualities such as symmetry, simple geometrical shapes, and pure colors. Compelling visual power and urgent messages are used to recognize art. Art can Invoke great pleasure as well as Inspiring sadness, horror, pity, awe, and other emotions.Representational includes a broad range of approaches as naturalistic and abstract. A personage is a fictional character. Stylized defines representational art that imitates to a preset style. Nonobjective is a descriptive of art that does not represent or otherwise refer to the visible world itself. What is art? Art is always about something, embodies meaning. Form is the way a work looks. Content is what a work of art is about. Subject matter Is the content the objects or events the work depicts. Iconography Involves Identifying, describing, and Interpreting subject matter In art.Chapters 3 and 4 Notes Chapter 3 Themes of Art word count: 202 All works of art are about something no matter what form whether it is a painting, textile, building, or ceramics. The areas of â€Å"beauteous† are considered themes. A many themes. Art throughout history has played a role in people's relationships with the sacred. Art described politics, social orders, and stories and histories. There are many works depicting deeds of heroes, lives of saints, and folktales. Most of which were passed down from generation to generation. Sometimes it is enough Just to look around ourselves and notice what our life is like here, now, in this place, at this time. † The earliest images of daily life that survived were in tombs of Egypt. Many rituals have been developed to honor ancestors and appease their spirits. However, here is really no ritual that would ever compare to the deep seated feelings with a human. During the renaissance, theorists linked art with poetry. They created images through their descriptive words. They weren't literally painting a picture. Some actual paintings were created to go along with poems.Nature and the human relationship to it have greatly been themes of art works. Chapter 4 The Visual Elements Word Count: 210 The first element of art is line. Line is plainly defined as a path traced by a moving point. An outline defines a two dimensional shape. Contour lines are the lines used o draw or record boundaries of three dimensional forms. Lines are also used to direct movement within a piece. When you look at a piece your eyes tend to follow the lines. Shape is a two dimensional form. Mass is a three dimensional form that occupies a volume of space.A figure is a shape we detach and focus on. The ground is the surrounding visual information the figure stands out from. Figures are considered as positive shapes, and the ground is considered negative shapes. Values are shades of light and dark. Chiaroscuro is an Italian style from the Renaissance period. Hatching involves closely spaced parallel lines. Cross hatching is used to show darker values with an extra set of parallel lines goi ng in the opposite direction. Stippling is also used to suggest values by condensing areas using dots.Simultaneous contrast is used to make complementary colors appear more intense when placed side by side. Texture describes surface quality, smooth or rough. A vanishing point is where forms seem to diminish in size as they recede from us. Chapters 5 and 6 Notes Chapter 5 Principles of Design Word Count: 206 In two dimensional art the organization odd line, shape, mass, light, value, color, texture, space, and motion is called composition. Unity is the sense of oneness, of things belonging together and making up a coherent whole. Variety is the difference which provides interest.Visual weight refers to the heaviness of lightness of the forms arranged in a composition, as gauged by how insistently they draw our eyes. In symmetrical balance, the forms of a composition mirror each other across a central axis. Asymmetrical composition has two sides that do not match. Emphasis means that our attention is drawn more to certain parts of composition than to others. If the means that certain area of composition are purposefully made less visually interesting so that the areas of emphasis stand out. Scale is the size in relation to a standard or normal size.Proportion refers to the size relationships between parts of a whole or between two or more perceived as a unit. The use of a scale to indicate relative importance is the hierarchical scale. Rhythm is based in repetition and it is a basic part of the world we find ourselves in. Chapter 6 Drawing Word Count: 233 The drawings we have been looking at are all on paper, a material we associate closely with drawing. Many other surfaces have been used to draw on. The oldest are eve drawings, caves carved with a hard stone, and using charcoal.Pigment is a coloring material, and binder is a substance that allows it to be shaped into sticks. Graphite is a soft crystalline form of carbon. It is a naturally occurring drawing medi um. Metal-point is the ancestor of the graphite pencil. It is an old technique that was especially popular during the Renaissance. A ground is a base coating of paint. Charcoal is charred wood. Pastel consists of pigment bond with non-greasy binder. Drawing inks generally consisted of ultramarine particles of pigment suspended in water. Wash is ink diluted with water and applied with a brush.A rapid-graph is a metal-tipped instrument that channels a reservoir of in into a fine line. The soft and supple brushes used for watercolors can also be used with ink. The concept of using a brush for drawing shows how difficult it can be to define where drawing leaves off and painting begins. Rectangular shapes sliced from newspaper and from a roll of imitation wood grain wallpaper have been incorporated into a charcoal drawing of a cafe © table set with wine glass and a bottle. This was the new age of more literal art through representation.Chapter 7 and 8 Notes Chapter 7 Painting word coun t: 215 Pigment is powdered color, compounded with a medium or vehicle, a liquid that holds the particles of pigment together without dissolving them. The vehicle generally acts as or includes a binder, an ingredient that ensures that the paint even when diluted and spread thinly. Without a binder pigments would simply powder off as the paint dried. Paints are applied to a support, which is the surface in which the artist works. This may be canvas, paper, wood panel, or a wall. Tempera shares qualities with both watercolors and oil paint.Geese is a mixture of white pigment and glue that sealed the wood and could be sanded and rubbed to a smooth, berrylike finish. Oil paints consists of pigment compounded with oil, usually linseed oil. The oil acts as a binder, creating as it dries a transparent film in which the pigment is suspended. Glazes are thin veils of translucent color applied over a layer of opaque paint. All prima is the name of the technique of opaque colors on the white gr ound. Water color consists of pigment in a vehicle of water and gum Arabic, a sticky paint substance that acts as the binder.Gouache is watercolors with inert white pigment Chapter 8 Prints Word Count: 244 A matrix is a surface in which a design is prepared before being transferred through pressure to a receiving surface such as paper. The term relief describes any printing method in which the image to be printed is raised from the background. Wood engraving uses a block of wood as a matrix. In this case the surface is cut along the grain. A linoleum cut, or linocuts, is very similar to a woodcut. Linoleum is much softer than wood, making it easier to cut, while limiting the number of crisp impressions.Engraving is the oldest of the intaglio techniques, engraving developed room the medieval practice of incising linear designs in armor and other metal surfaces. Dropping is similar to engraving, except that the cutting instrument used is a dropping needle. Mezzanine is a reverse proce ss, in which the artist works from dark to light. Etching is done with acids, which â€Å"eat† the lines and depressions into a metal plate much as sharp tools cut into those depressions in other methods. Aquatint is a way of achieving flat areas of tone-gray values or intermediate values of color.Photographer can print continuous tones, tones that shade evenly from light to dark. To achieve this, a fulfills positive transparency of the photographic image is placed over a sheet of light-sensitive gelatin tissue and exposed to ultraviolet light. Lithography is a bibliographic process. The printing surface is flat not raised as in relief or depressed as in intaglio. Chapter 9 and 10 Notes Chapter 9 Camera and Computer Arts Word Count: 221 Camera and computer technologies are essential to business, advertising, education, government, mass media, and entertainment.ABA All Has Bin al- Haitian, or otherwise known in the west as Alkaline, conducted an experiment in which he conclude d correctly that light travels in straight lines. He also theorized that the human eye worked on this same principle: light reflected from objects passes through the narrow opening of the iris, projecting an image of the outside world onto the surface of the dark interior. Dagger's light sensitive surface was a copper plate coated with silver iodide, and he named his invention the daguerreotype.Photographs bearing witness to events appear in newspapers and magazines all over the world. Dada was formed in 1916 as a reaction to the unprecedented slaughter of World War l. The word dada itself has no meaning, it refers to the art movement that Hoc belonged to. An auteur is a director whose films are marked by a consistent, individual style, Just as a traditional artist's painting or sculptures are. Just as radio had been invented to allow sound captured by a microphone to be transmitted over the air, so video was invented to do the same for moving images captured by a camera.Art that us es the Internet as a medium is known as Internet art, or more casually, net art. Chapter 10 Graphic Design Word Count: 201 On the most basic level, we communicate through symbols. Visual communication is also symbolic. Letters are symbols that represent sounds; the lines that we use to draw representational images are symbols for perception. A word mark or logotype is granted the status of art, letters for public architectural inscriptions have been carefully designed since the time of ancient Romans, whose alphabet we have inherited. A typeface is a style of type.Among the services offered by early printers in the 1 5th century was the design and printing of single sheets called broadsides. Handed out to town dwellers and posted in public spaces, broadsides argued lattice or religious causes, told of recent events, advertised upcoming festivals and fairs, or circulated woodcut portraits of civic and religious leaders. With the development of film and television, graphic design was set in motion. Words and images worked together in film titles, television program titles, and advertisements, all of which needed to be designed.Many art museums maintain collections of graphic designs, which overlaps with art in interesting ways. Many artists have worked a graphic designers, and many graphic designers also make art. Chapter 11 and 12 Notes Chapter 11 Sculpture and Installation Word Count: 211 Amman is a sculpture in the round, a freestanding work that can be viewed from any angle, for it is finished on all sides. A low relief, also otherwise known as a bas-relief, is a technique in which the figures project only slightly from the background. A sculpture that forms project more boldly from their background are called high relief.Modeling and assembling are considered additive processes. Carving is a subtractive process I which one starts with a mass of material larger than the planned sculpture and subtracts material until only the desired forms remain. Casting inv olves a mold of some kind, into which liquid or similitude material is poured and allowed to harden. Modeling is familiar to us in forms such as play dough. Fired clay is also known as terra cotta. Casting is a more indirect method of creating a sculpture. In casting, smother more rounded shapes can be achieved, and also be very shiny.Ceramic is cast in a liquid form called slip, made by mixing powdered clay with water and a defalcation. Assembling is a process by which individual pieces or segments or objects are brought together to form a sculpture. The human figure is one of the widely basis for sculptures of many times and cultures. Chapter 12 Art of Ritual and Daily Life Word Count: 206 Ceramics, from the ancient Greek word kormas, meaning â€Å"of pottery', is the art of making objects from clay, a naturally occurring earth substance. When dry clay has a powdery consistency; mixed with water, it becomes plastic, that is, moldable and cohesive.The vase is made of porcelain, a ceramic made by mixing kaolin, a fine white clay, with finely ground Petersen, also known as porcelain stone. If clay is one of the most versatile of materials, glass is perhaps the most fascinating. The most familiar way of shaping a hollow glass vessel such as a bottle is by blowing. The glass artist dips up a mass of molten glass at the end of a long metal tube and, by blowing into the other end of the tube, produces a glass bubble that can be shaped or cut technique used for windows, lampshades, and similar structures that permit light to pass through.Stained glass is made by cutting sheets of glass in various colors into small pieces, then fitting the pieces together to form a pattern. Forging is an ancient metal working technique using a hammer to shape the metal. Notes Chapters 13 and 21 Chapter 13 Architecture rod count: 200 Tensile strength refers to the amount of tensile or stretching stress a material can withstand before it bends or breaks. It especially concerns the abi lity of a material t span horizontal distances without continuous support from below.Another term for load bearing construction is â€Å"stacking and piling†. This is the simplest method of making a building, and it is suitable for brick, stone, adobe, ice blocks, and certain modern material. Load bearing structures tend to have few and small openings, if any, in the walls, because the method does not readily allow for support of material above a void, such as a window opening. Post and lintel construction is the most elementary structural method, based on two uprights, the posts, supporting a horizontal crosspiece, the lintel or beam.Hypotheses halls comes from the Greek word for â€Å"beneath columns. † A dome is an architectural structure generally I the shape of a hemisphere or half globe. I f a ceiling is coffer, it is ornamented with recessed rectangles, coffers, which lessen its weight. Concrete is an old material that was known and used by the Romans. Like all area of human creativity, architecture has been affected by the evolution of digital technologies. Chapter 21 The Modern World word count: 206 Romanticism was not a style so much as a set of attitudes an characteristic subjects.The 18th century is sometimes known as the Age of Reason, for its leading thinkers placed their faith in rationally, septic questioning, and scientific inquiry. The first art movement to be born in the 19th century was Realism, which arose as a reaction against both Neoclassicism and Romanticism. Realist artists sought to depict the everyday and the ordinary rather than the historic, the heroic, or the exotic. Artists admired many aspects of Impressionism, especially its brightened palette and erect painting technique. But they reacted in various ways to what they perceived as its shortcomings.Their styles are so highly personal that we commonly group them together under the neutral term Post-Impressionists, meaning simply the artists that came after Impressi onism. Europe remained America's artistic touchstone during the 19th century, for America viewed itself then as a continuation of European culture. American artists often went to Europe for part of their training, not only to study with European teachers, but also to see the collections of the great museums. Broadly peaking, expressionism describes ant style where the artist's subjective feelings take precedence over objective observation.Cubism poured all its energy into formal Notes Chapter 22 and 23 Chapter 22 From Modern to Postmodern Word Count: 210 Painters associated with the first major postwar art movement are commonly referred to as the New York School. The New York School was a convenient label under which to lump together a group of painters also known as the Abstract Expressionists. A critic of the time coined the term action painting to describe the work of Pollock and others, for their paintings are not images in the traditional sense UT traces of an act, the painter' s dance of creation.The variety of Abstract Expressionism is sometimes known as color field painting. By the middle of the asses, Abstract Expressionism had been the â€Å"new' style or fifteen years. Many artists felt that it was time to move on. While the artist of Pop turned their attention to imagery, other artists continued to explore the possibilities of nonrepresentational art. One direction that attracted many painters was hard-edge painting. Pop art's focus on imagery in the mass media inspired artists to look more closely at photographs. In a rend called Photorealism, they began to paint what they saw there.In a variety of interrelated trends, artists variously reacted against aspects of developed possibilities that it suggested. Collectively, these trends are known as Factionalism, which unfolded from the mid asses through the mid asses. Chapter 23 Opening Up to the World Word Count: 233 Beginning in the 19th century, transportation and communications technologies made p ossible by science and industry opened up new possibilities for human interaction, compressing our experience of distance and quickening the pace of daily fife. Born in Egypt, she moved to France with her family at the age of eleven.Since 1996 she has been based in New York. Aimer has created installations an performance pieces, but she is best known for paintings such as The Black Bang. We stumble on a secret world within the world we thought we knew. When we step back, the painting comes back into focus, but we can never quite see it in the same way again. Aimer cautions against interpreting her work too narrowly, either as a feminist statement or as a critique of Islam. Recently Murrain generally has broadened his object matter to embrace traditional Buddhist imagery, folding screen motifs, and abstraction.Murrain generally does not execute his own works. They are usually realized to his exacting designs, every outline drawn, every color specified, by employees of Kaki Kaki, Ltd. , a company he founded. In contrast to Murrain's international enterprise, Mexican artist Gabriel Rocco does not have a studio at all. A global wanderer with apartments in Mexico City, Paris, and New York, he prefers instead to work in temporary spaces or in the confines of an apartment amid the furnishings and accumulations of everyday life.